scRNAseq: Bioconductor
DropletUtils: Bioconductor
scater: Bioconductor, GitHub, Paper
Demo Dataset: BachMammaryData from Differentiation dynamics of mammary epithelial cells revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):2128.
License: GPL-3.0
Rcd /ngs/scRNA-seq-Analysis-Demo
R
suppressPackageStartupMessages({
library(scRNAseq)
library(scater)
library(ggbeeswarm) # geom_quasirandom
})c30 <- c("#1C86EE", #1 dodgerblue2
"#FF0000", #2 red1
"#008B00", #3 green4
"#FF7F00", #4 DarkOrange1
"#00FF00", #5 green1
"#A020F0", #6 purple
"#0000FF", #7 blue1
"#FF1493", #8 DeepPink1
"#8B4500", #9 DarkOrange4
"#000000", #10 black
"#FFD700", #11 gold1
"#00CED1", #12 DarkTurquoise
"#68228B", #13 DarkOrchid4
"#FF83FA", #14 orchid1
"#B3B3B3", #15 gray70
"#B03060", #16 maroon
"#7CCD7C", #17 PaleGreen3
"#333333", #18 gray20
"#D8BFD8", #19 thistle
"#FFC125", #20 goldenrod1
"#EEE685", #21 khaki2
"#7EC0EE", #22 SkyBlue2
"#36648B", #23 SteelBlue4
"#54FF9F", #24 SeaGreen1
"#8B8B00", #25 yellow4
"#CDCD00", #26 yellow3
"#F08080", #27 LightCoral
"#A52A2A", #28 brown
"#00008B", #29 blue4
"#CD2626" #30 firebrick3
)
pie(rep(1,30), col = c30, radius = 1)# Choosing colours for samples, n = 8
sample_col <- c30[c(1:8)]
# Choosing colours for samples, n = 15
cluster_col <- c30[c(1:15)]In this example, we will use the example data set from the scRNAseq Bioconductor package. It contains expression matrices for several public scRNA-seq datasets in the form of SingleCellExperiment objects. The BachMammaryData function will download and import the mouse mammary gland single-cell RNA-seq data obtained with the 10x Genomics Chromium platform from Bach et al. (2017). The object contains 25,806 barcodes, cell annotations that includes the sample ID and condition, and the gene annotations that includes the Ensembl gene ID and gene symbol.
sce <- BachMammaryData()
sce## class: SingleCellExperiment
## dim: 27998 25806
## metadata(0):
## assays(1): counts
## rownames: NULL
## rowData names(2): Ensembl Symbol
## colnames: NULL
## colData names(3): Barcode Sample Condition
## reducedDimNames(0):
## spikeNames(0):
## altExpNames(0):
# Print the number of genes and cells in the object
paste0("Number of genes: ", nrow(sce))## [1] "Number of genes: 27998"
paste0("Number of cells: ", ncol(sce))## [1] "Number of cells: 25806"
# Cell info
str(colData(sce))## Formal class 'DFrame' [package "S4Vectors"] with 6 slots
## ..@ rownames : NULL
## ..@ nrows : int 25806
## ..@ listData :List of 3
## .. ..$ Barcode : chr [1:25806] "AAACCTGAGGCCATAG-1" "AAACCTGCATCGGGTC-1" "AAACGGGTCAAACGGG-1" "AAAGATGAGATAGCAT-1" ...
## .. ..$ Sample : chr [1:25806] "NP_1" "NP_1" "NP_1" "NP_1" ...
## .. ..$ Condition: Named chr [1:25806] "Nulliparous" "Nulliparous" "Nulliparous" "Nulliparous" ...
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:25806] "NP" "NP" "NP" "NP" ...
## ..@ elementType : chr "ANY"
## ..@ elementMetadata: NULL
## ..@ metadata : list()
# Gene info
str(rowData(sce))## Formal class 'DFrame' [package "S4Vectors"] with 6 slots
## ..@ rownames : NULL
## ..@ nrows : int 27998
## ..@ listData :List of 2
## .. ..$ Ensembl: chr [1:27998] "ENSMUSG00000051951" "ENSMUSG00000089699" "ENSMUSG00000102343" "ENSMUSG00000025900" ...
## .. ..$ Symbol : chr [1:27998] "Xkr4" "Gm1992" "Gm37381" "Rp1" ...
## ..@ elementType : chr "ANY"
## ..@ elementMetadata: NULL
## ..@ metadata : list()
Note: Skip if using the
BachMammaryDatadataset.
# Define sample ID
sample_id <- c("Sample1", "Sample2", "Sample3", "Sample4")To import scRNA-seq data generated by Cell Ranger, we can using the read10xCounts function from the DropletUtils package, which will produce a SingleCellExperiment object containing count data for each gene (row) and cell (column) across all samples.
Edit the script below to point cr_mat_path to the directory containing CellRanger output files: barcodes.tsv.gz, features.tsv.gz, and matrix.mtx.gz.
# Define data location
cr_mat_path <- "path-to-cellranger-output-folder" # a folder
# Check if these files exist: barcodes.tsv.gz, features.tsv.gz, matrix.mtx.gz
check_matrix_input <- function(cr_mat_path) {
error <- FALSE
if(! file.exists(paste0(cr_mat_path,"/barcodes.tsv.gz"))) {
error <- TRUE
print("'barcodes.tsv.gz' not found")
}
if(! file.exists(paste0(cr_mat_path,"/features.tsv.gz"))) {
error <- TRUE
print("'features.tsv.gz' not found")
}
if(! file.exists(paste0(cr_mat_path,"/matrix.mtx.gz"))) {
error <- TRUE
print("'matrix.mtx.gz' not found")
}
if(isTRUE(error)) {
stop("Stopped!")
} else {
print("All files found.")
}
}
check_matrix_input(cr_mat_path)
# Import data
sce <- DropletUtils::read10xCounts(cr_mat_path, sample.names = sample_id)
sce
# Print the number of genes and cells in the object
paste0("Number of genes: ", nrow(sce))
paste0("Number of cells: ", ncol(sce))Edit the script below to point cr_h5_path to the path of the filtered_feature_bc_matrix.h5 file.
# Define data location
cr_h5_file <- "path-to-cellranger-output-folder/filtered_feature_bc_matrix.h5" # a h5 file
# Check if this files exist
file.exists(cr_h5_file)
# Import data
sce <- DropletUtils::read10xCounts(cr_h5_file, sample.names = sample_id)
sce
# Print the number of genes and cells in the object
paste0("Number of genes: ", nrow(sce))
paste0("Number of cells: ", ncol(sce))Note: Skip if using the
BachMammaryDatadataset.
colnames(sce) <- colData(sce)$Barcode
rownames(sce) <- rowData(sce)$Symbol
# Cell info
str(colData(sce))
# Gene info
str(rowData(sce))We use the calculateAverage function to average counts per feature after normalizing with size factors
# 'calcAverage' is deprecated.
ave <- calculateAverage(sce)
rowData(sce)$ave_counts <- avesceIn addition to the count data in assays, we will also add the log2 normalised count-per-million (CPM) values using exprs.
# Assay info
str(assays(sce))## Formal class 'SimpleList' [package "S4Vectors"] with 4 slots
## ..@ listData :List of 1
## .. ..$ counts:Formal class 'dgCMatrix' [package "Matrix"] with 6 slots
## .. .. .. ..@ i : int [1:61219942] 13 20 24 29 37 38 39 49 51 60 ...
## .. .. .. ..@ p : int [1:25807] 0 3729 7030 10257 14028 17655 19573 22242 25078 27312 ...
## .. .. .. ..@ Dim : int [1:2] 27998 25806
## .. .. .. ..@ Dimnames:List of 2
## .. .. .. .. ..$ : NULL
## .. .. .. .. ..$ : NULL
## .. .. .. ..@ x : num [1:61219942] 1 2 6 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ...
## .. .. .. ..@ factors : list()
## ..@ elementType : chr "ANY"
## ..@ elementMetadata: NULL
## ..@ metadata : list()
# Accessing the assay data
dim(assay(sce, "counts"))## [1] 27998 25806
Note: The
use_size_factorsparameter incalculateCPMis deprecated, usesize_factorsinstead. The default of thesize_factorsparameter isNULL, and this will use library sizes directly.
Note: A pseudocount of 1 is added to avoid undefined values after the log-transformation.
# More about lib.sizes calculation in calculateCPM()
# x is a numeric matrix of counts
x <- assay(sce, "counts")
size.factors <- colSums(x)/mean(colSums(x)) # same as scater::librarySizeFactors(x)
lib.sizes <- colSums(x) / 1e6 # count-per-million
lib.sizes <- size.factors / mean(size.factors) * mean(lib.sizes) # normalisation
Add log2 CPM.
pseudocount = 1
exprs(sce) <- log2(calculateCPM(sce) + pseudocount) # See notePrint object info.
sce## class: SingleCellExperiment
## dim: 27998 25806
## metadata(0):
## assays(2): counts logcounts
## rownames: NULL
## rowData names(3): Ensembl Symbol ave_counts
## colnames: NULL
## colData names(3): Barcode Sample Condition
## reducedDimNames(0):
## spikeNames(0):
## altExpNames(0):
We use grep to perform pattern matching to look for genes that are from the mitochondrial genome (chrM). The regular expression "^mt-|^MT-" will work for both human (MT-) and mouse (mt-) mitochondrial genomes. The ^ anchor is to ensure the pattern is matched to the beginning of the gene symbol.
# The subset feature can be supplied as character vector of feature names, a logical vector,
# or a numeric vector of indices
#is.mito <- grepl("^mt-|^MT-", rowData(sce)$Symbol) # a logical vector
is.mito <- grep("^mt-|^MT-", rowData(sce)$Symbol) # numeric vector of indices
# Print matched genes
rowData(sce)$Symbol[is.mito]## [1] "mt-Nd1" "mt-Nd2" "mt-Co1" "mt-Co2" "mt-Atp8" "mt-Atp6" "mt-Co3" "mt-Nd3"
## [9] "mt-Nd4l" "mt-Nd4" "mt-Nd5" "mt-Nd6" "mt-Cytb"
With an older version of scater, we would use the calculateQCMetrics function to add QC metrics, but it is now deprecated. We will instead use addPerCellQC and addPerFeatureQC and add additional metrics to colData and rowData instead.
# "sum" - sum of counts for the cell (library size)
# "detected" - number of genes for the cell that have counts above the detection limit (default 0)
sce <- addPerCellQC(sce, list(MT = is.mito))
# Add additional stats to per-cell QC
colData(sce)$log10_sum <- log10(colData(sce)$sum + pseudocount)
colData(sce)$log10_detected <- log10(colData(sce)$detected + pseudocount)
colData(sce)$log10_genes_per_umi <- colData(sce)$log10_sum / colData(sce)$log10_detected# "mean" - mean counts for each gene across all cells
# "detected" - percentage of cells with non-zero counts for each gene
sce <- addPerFeatureQC(sce)
# Add additional stats to per-feature QC
rowData(sce)$is_MT <- FALSE
rowData(sce)$is_MT[is.mito] <- TRUE
rowData(sce)$log10_mean <- log10(rowData(sce)$mean + pseudocount)
rowData(sce)$n_cells <- nexprs(sce, byrow = TRUE) # number of expressing cells
rowData(sce)$fq_n_cells <- rowData(sce)$n_cells / ncol(sce) * 100 # percentage of expressing cells
rowData(sce)$pct_dropout <- 100 - rowData(sce)$detected # percentage of cells with zero counts
rowData(sce)$total_counts <- rowData(sce)$mean * ncol(sce)
rowData(sce)$log10_total_counts <- log10(rowData(sce)$total_counts + pseudocount)sce## class: SingleCellExperiment
## dim: 27998 25806
## metadata(0):
## assays(2): counts logcounts
## rownames: NULL
## rowData names(12): Ensembl Symbol ... total_counts log10_total_counts
## colnames: NULL
## colData names(16): Barcode Sample ... log10_detected log10_genes_per_umi
## reducedDimNames(0):
## spikeNames(0):
## altExpNames(0):
# Print column names from the gene and cell data
names(colData(sce))## [1] "Barcode" "Sample" "Condition"
## [4] "sum" "detected" "percent_top_50"
## [7] "percent_top_100" "percent_top_200" "percent_top_500"
## [10] "subsets_MT_sum" "subsets_MT_detected" "subsets_MT_percent"
## [13] "total" "log10_sum" "log10_detected"
## [16] "log10_genes_per_umi"
names(rowData(sce))## [1] "Ensembl" "Symbol" "ave_counts" "mean"
## [5] "detected" "is_MT" "log10_mean" "n_cells"
## [9] "fq_n_cells" "pct_dropout" "total_counts" "log10_total_counts"
Now we are ready to explore the various metrics with visualizations. Afer assessing, we can decide which cells are of low quality and should be removed before continue with downstream analysis.
The cell counts are determined by the number of unique cellular barcodes detected. Ideally, the number of unique cellular barcodes will correpsond to the number of cells loaded. However the capture rates or capture efficiency of cells will affect the eventual cell counts. Accurate measure the input cell concentration is also important in determining the cell capture efficiency. Lastly, it is also possible to detect cell numbers that are much higher than what we loaded due to the experimental procedure. For example, there is a chance of obtaining only a barcoded bead in the emulsion droplet (GEM) and no actual cell with the 10X protocol.
Note: What were the expected cell counts in samples?
table(colData(sce)$Sample)##
## G_1 G_2 L_1 L_2 NP_1 NP_2 PI_1 PI_2
## 2915 3106 5906 3697 2249 2127 1500 4306
ggplot(as.data.frame(colData(sce)), aes(Sample, fill = Sample)) + geom_bar(color = "black") +
geom_text(stat = "count", aes(label = ..count..), vjust = -0.5, size = 5) +
scale_fill_manual(values = sample_col) + theme_classic(base_size = 12) +
theme(legend.position = "none") + ylab("Counts") + ggtitle("Cell counts")Next, we will consider the total number of RNA molecules detected per cell. The unique molecular identifier (UMI) counts should generally be above 500 (ref). Wells with few transcripts are likely to have been broken or failed to capture a cell, and should thus be removed. If UMI counts are between 500-1000 counts, it is usable but the cells probably should have been sequenced more deeply (ref).
View library size distributions with quantile.
Note: Are there any cells with low total UMI counts?
quantile(colData(sce)$sum, seq(0, 1, 0.1)) # 0% - 100% percentile## 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
## 1724.0 2880.0 3704.0 4576.5 5359.0 6285.5 7434.0 8961.5 11088.0 15572.0
## 100%
## 116555.0
quantile(colData(sce)$sum, seq(0.9, 1, 0.1)) # 90% - 100% percentile (high read-depth)## 90% 100%
## 15572 116555
Visualise library size distributions with ggplot.
logbreak = scales::trans_breaks("log10", function(x) 10^x)
loglab = scales::trans_format("log10", scales::math_format(10^.x))
# histogram
p1 <- ggplot(as.data.frame(colData(sce)), aes(sum, color = Sample, fill = Sample)) +
geom_histogram(position = "identity", alpha = 0.4) +
scale_x_log10(breaks = logbreak, labels = loglab) +
scale_fill_manual(values = sample_col) + scale_color_manual(values = sample_col) +
theme_classic(base_size = 12) + xlab("Total UMI counts (log scale)") +
ylab("Frequency") + ggtitle("Histogram of Library Size per Cell")
# violin plot
p2 <- ggplot(as.data.frame(colData(sce)), aes(Sample, sum, colour = Sample)) +
geom_violin(width = 1) + scale_y_log10(breaks = logbreak, labels = loglab) +
geom_quasirandom(size = 0.2, alpha = 0.2, width = 0.5) +
scale_color_manual(values = sample_col) + theme_classic(base_size = 12) +
theme(legend.position = "none") + ylab("Total UMI counts (log scale)") +
ggtitle("Violin plot of Library Size perl Cell")
multiplot(p1, p2)Aside from having sufficient sequencing depth for each sample, we also expected to see reads distributed across the transcriptome. When visualised the expressed features (i.e. genes) in all the cells as a histogram or density plot, the plot should contain a single large peak for high quality data.
View expressed features distributions with quantile.
quantile(colData(sce)$detected, seq(0, 1, 0.1))## 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
## 604 1223 1473 1731 1948 2167 2407 2710 3122 3786 8795
Visualise expressed features distributions with ggplot.
# histogram
p1 <- ggplot(as.data.frame(colData(sce)), aes(detected, color = Sample, fill = Sample)) +
geom_histogram(position = "identity", alpha = 0.4) +
scale_x_log10(breaks = logbreak, labels = loglab) +
scale_fill_manual(values = sample_col) + scale_color_manual(values = sample_col) +
theme_classic(base_size = 12) + xlab("Total expressed genes (log scale)") +
ylab("Frequency") + ggtitle("Histogram of Expressed Features per Cell")
# violin
p2 <- ggplot(as.data.frame(colData(sce)), aes(Sample, detected, colour = Sample)) +
geom_violin(width = 1) + scale_y_log10(breaks = logbreak, labels = loglab) +
geom_quasirandom(size = 0.2, alpha = 0.2, width = 0.5) +
scale_colour_manual(values = sample_col) + theme_classic(base_size = 12) +
theme(legend.position = "none") + ylab("Total expressed genes (log scale)") +
ggtitle("Violin plot of Expressed Features per Cell")
multiplot(p1, p2)The UMI count per cell and the number of genes detected per cell are often evaluated together. These two indices are usually strongly related, i.e. the higher UMI count for a cell, the more genes are detected as well. Cells that have a less complex RNA species (low number of genes detected per UMI), such as red blood cells, can often be detected by this metric. Generally, we expect the complexity score to be above 0.80 ref.
View complexity distributions with quantile.
quantile(colData(sce)$log10_genes_per_umi, seq(0, 1, 0.1))## 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
## 1.065505 1.114984 1.122271 1.128256 1.133894 1.139502 1.145985 1.153267 1.162562 1.176168
## 100%
## 1.350996
Visualise complexity distributions with ggplot.
# histogram
p1 <- ggplot(as.data.frame(colData(sce)), aes(log10_genes_per_umi, color = Sample,
fill = Sample)) +
geom_histogram(position = "identity", alpha = 0.4) +
scale_fill_manual(values = sample_col) + scale_color_manual(values = sample_col) +
theme_classic(base_size = 12) + xlab("log10 Gene per UMI") + ylab("Frequency") +
ggtitle("Histogram of Complexity of Gene Expression")
# scatter plot
p2 <- ggplot(as.data.frame(colData(sce)), aes(sum, detected, color = Sample)) +
geom_point(size = 0.6, alpha = 0.3) + facet_wrap(~ as.data.frame(colData(sce))$Sample) +
scale_x_log10(breaks = logbreak, labels = loglab) +
scale_y_log10(breaks = logbreak, labels = loglab) +
scale_color_manual(values = sample_col) + theme_classic(base_size = 12) +
guides(color = guide_legend("Sample", override.aes = list(size = 3, alpha = 1))) +
xlab("Total UMI counts (log scale)") + ylab("Total expressed genes (log scale)") +
ggtitle("UMIs vs. Expressed Genes")
multiplot(p1, p2)The mitochondrial proportions in cells is an useful indicator of cell quality. High proportion of counts assigned to mitochondrial genes is an indication of damaged, dying and dead cells, whereby cytoplasmic mRNA has leaked out through a broken membrane, hence only the mRNA located in the mitochondria is preserved and being sequenced.
View distributions with quantile.
Note: Are there any cells with high expression of mitochondrial genes (>20% of total counts in a cell)?
quantile(colData(sce)$subsets_MT_percent, seq(0, 1, 0.1))## 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
## 0.0000000 0.4207468 0.5272408 0.6069388 0.6817726 0.7510203 0.8267616 0.9212001 1.0394179
## 90% 100%
## 1.2505218 8.2174054
Visualise distributions with ggplot.
# histogram
p1 <- ggplot(as.data.frame(colData(sce)), aes(x = subsets_MT_percent, color = Sample,
fill = Sample)) +
geom_histogram(position = "identity", alpha = 0.4) +
scale_fill_manual(values = sample_col) + scale_color_manual(values = sample_col) +
theme_classic(base_size = 12) + xlab("% counts from mitochondrial genes") +
ylab("Frequency") + ggtitle("Histogram of Mitochondrial Proportions per Cell")
# scatter plot
p2 <- ggplot(as.data.frame(colData(sce)), aes(sum, detected, color = subsets_MT_percent,
size = subsets_MT_sum)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.3) + facet_wrap(~ as.data.frame(colData(sce))$Sample) +
scale_x_log10(breaks = logbreak, labels = loglab) +
scale_y_log10(breaks = logbreak, labels = loglab) +
scale_color_gradientn(colours = rainbow(5)) + scale_size_continuous(range = c(1, 5)) +
theme_classic(base_size = 12) +
guides(color = guide_legend("MT Pct", override.aes = list(size = 3, alpha = 1)),
size = guide_legend("MT Sum")) +
xlab("Total UMI counts (log scale)") + ylab("Total expressed genes (log scale)") +
ggtitle("UMIs vs. Expressed Genes")
multiplot(p1, p2)sessionInfo()## R version 3.6.3 (2020-02-29)
## Platform: x86_64-conda_cos6-linux-gnu (64-bit)
## Running under: Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS
##
## Matrix products: default
## BLAS/LAPACK: /home/ihsuan/miniconda3/envs/jupyterlab/lib/libopenblasp-r0.3.10.so
##
## locale:
## [1] LC_CTYPE=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_GB.UTF-8
## [4] LC_COLLATE=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_GB.UTF-8
## [7] LC_PAPER=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C
## [10] LC_TELEPHONE=C LC_MEASUREMENT=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
##
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats4 parallel stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods
## [9] base
##
## other attached packages:
## [1] ggbeeswarm_0.6.0 scater_1.14.6 ggplot2_3.3.2
## [4] scRNAseq_2.0.2 SingleCellExperiment_1.8.0 SummarizedExperiment_1.16.1
## [7] DelayedArray_0.12.3 BiocParallel_1.20.1 matrixStats_0.56.0
## [10] Biobase_2.46.0 GenomicRanges_1.38.0 GenomeInfoDb_1.22.1
## [13] IRanges_2.20.2 S4Vectors_0.24.4 BiocGenerics_0.32.0
## [16] knitr_1.29
##
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
## [1] viridis_0.5.1 httr_1.4.2
## [3] BiocSingular_1.2.2 viridisLite_0.3.0
## [5] bit64_4.0.5 AnnotationHub_2.18.0
## [7] DelayedMatrixStats_1.8.0 shiny_1.5.0
## [9] assertthat_0.2.1 interactiveDisplayBase_1.24.0
## [11] BiocManager_1.30.10 BiocFileCache_1.10.2
## [13] blob_1.2.1 vipor_0.4.5
## [15] GenomeInfoDbData_1.2.2 yaml_2.2.1
## [17] BiocVersion_3.10.1 pillar_1.4.6
## [19] RSQLite_2.2.0 lattice_0.20-41
## [21] glue_1.4.2 digest_0.6.25
## [23] promises_1.1.1 XVector_0.26.0
## [25] colorspace_1.4-1 cowplot_1.0.0
## [27] htmltools_0.5.0 httpuv_1.5.4
## [29] Matrix_1.2-18 pkgconfig_2.0.3
## [31] zlibbioc_1.32.0 purrr_0.3.4
## [33] xtable_1.8-4 scales_1.1.1
## [35] later_1.1.0.1 tibble_3.0.3
## [37] farver_2.0.3 generics_0.0.2
## [39] ellipsis_0.3.1 withr_2.2.0
## [41] magrittr_1.5 crayon_1.3.4
## [43] mime_0.9 memoise_1.1.0
## [45] evaluate_0.14 beeswarm_0.2.3
## [47] tools_3.6.3 lifecycle_0.2.0
## [49] stringr_1.4.0 munsell_0.5.0
## [51] irlba_2.3.3 AnnotationDbi_1.48.0
## [53] compiler_3.6.3 rsvd_1.0.3
## [55] rlang_0.4.7 grid_3.6.3
## [57] RCurl_1.98-1.2 BiocNeighbors_1.4.2
## [59] rappdirs_0.3.1 labeling_0.3
## [61] bitops_1.0-6 rmarkdown_2.3
## [63] ExperimentHub_1.12.0 codetools_0.2-16
## [65] gtable_0.3.0 DBI_1.1.0
## [67] curl_4.3 R6_2.4.1
## [69] gridExtra_2.3 dplyr_1.0.2
## [71] fastmap_1.0.1 bit_4.0.4
## [73] stringi_1.4.6 Rcpp_1.0.5
## [75] vctrs_0.3.4 dbplyr_1.4.4
## [77] tidyselect_1.1.0 xfun_0.16